Adlerian Psychology a Dolls House

Alfred Adler is a psychologist who developed a theory that can explain the characters’ actions in A Doll’s House. After many years of study, Adler realized the importance of motivation and how it affected people’s actions. This was later developed into a theory, known as the Adlerian Theory, which states that there must be a motivational force behind all behaviors (Fisher). Evidence of the Adlerian Theory is found in A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen through the actions of Krogstad, Torvald, and Nora. Family and friends are usually the most significant motivation to one’s actions because the concern for his or her family and friends will cause them to do whatever necessary to please them. The influence of family and friends may also affect one’s view of life and this would affect one to act differently in order to carry out his or her new attitude towards life (Boeree). An individual is part of a larger whole, the society, which means that one must to live up to society’s expectations to gain respect and acceptance (The Theory and Application of Adlerian Psychology). This demonstrates how a social setting can influence one’s behaviors. One’s primary goal in life is to gain acceptance and feel significant. The inferiority complex is when one feels a 2 lack of worth (Fisher). To overcome the inferiority complex, one must strive to reach a goal, known as the superiority complex (Fisher). In the process of the superiority complex, one will strive for perfection (Fisher). The determination to be a perfect individual forces one to act certain ways. Due to Krogstad’s desire to perfect his social status, he realizes the first step is to persuade Torvald into giving him his position back at the bank. In order to do so, he must blackmail Nora into convincing Torvald that he is more capable of the job than anyone else. Without a job, he is seen as lazy and worthless by his society, therefore, fighting for a position he believes he deserves would make others perceive him as someone who will fight for what he believes in. This delivers an image of a respectable man to society and this is what he wants. The feeling of worth and significance can cause confidence and security (The Theory and Application of Adlerian Psychology). Also, he wishes to grab every possible opportunity for his children, and without a job, the availability of these opportunities are limited. The pressure from Krogstad’s society to be respected and the love he has for his children caused him to do whatever he can to win back his job. Torvald however, is a very successful man when it comes to his job, but having his whole life revolve around it causes him to drift away from his family. He has become so attached to his new position at the bank and is so caught up with pleasing those around him that he reserves no time to spend 3 with his family. Torvald’s priority is to impress the society with his abilities and he puts his family second. Torvald’s motivation to keep him putting his everything in the bank is the respect he gets from the community. Even though the family is financially stable, he will not let Nora take money without his consent. Torvald treats Nora like a child and does not think of her as an equal to himself (Hardwick). He does this because he wants control over Nora and he craves the feeling of superiority. Because of the power and control Torvald wants over Nora, he refused Nora to borrow money when he was ill. However, Nora borrowed a large sum from Krogstad under her father’s name without Torvald’s knowledge. Nora did not consider the consequences when she forged her father’s signature because she was more concerned with Torvald’s health. Nora borrowed the money regardless of Torvald’s disapproval because she loved Torvald and could not risk him dying (Hardwick). Nora being treated the way she did by Torvald caused her to feel worthless. Torvald calls Nora by pet names which shows Torvald’s impression of her as a child. Nora and Torvald has never had an important conversation in all those years they have been married, meaning Torvald did not think Nora was intelligent or mature enough to understand important matters (Downs). This motivated her to leave Torvald and find her true self. Leaving Torvald was Nora’s way of overcoming the inferiority complex and the process of her finding herself is 4 her step into the superiority complex. In conclusion, one’s actions are caused by his or her societal surroundings or his or her personal desires. In A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, Krogstad blackmailing Nora in order to get his position back in the bank is caused by his need to be accepted in society. Torvald’s control of all money coming in the household is caused by his desire to be superior to Nora. Nora’s decision to leave Torvald is caused by her need to find herself. The Adlerian Theory applies to these characters because they all have a motivational force behind their actions.

Analysis of Mercury in Water Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of Mercury in Water - Research Paper Example Most of the analysis methods used today were developed in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s and are immensely dependent on laboratory equipment. However, in the wake of the technological evolution, several other high-tech methods have been developed as we will see with the Anthony’s Mercury Analyzer. Most of these advanced methods not only provide for the basic laboratory setting but also for field purposes. Purge and Trap - since the discovery of elemental Mercury in water, there is no doubt that this method is one of the best for analyzing Mercury in the field. Basically, this method entails purging water samples with nitrogen and consequently extracting Mercury from the samples prior to analyzing the levels using Mercury analyzers. This method was widely used in the early 1990’s to screen water samples from wells and construction sites across the United States (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency p. 2). However, due to its lack of sensitivity and prone to environmental factors, this method is limited especially when trying to retrieve precise measurements from the samples owing to the contamination of reagents in the field (Murphy & Dooley p.2) Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry- in an attempt to refine the purge and trap method, cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry method, has become synonymous with various chemists around the world due to its precision. In this technique, Mercury is reduced to a free atomic state by chemically reacting to the sample with a strong reduction agent like sodium borohydride in a sealed reaction system. The free Mercury, which is now volatile, is then forced from the reaction container by effervescing gases in the solution. Mercury atoms are then transmitted in the stream of gas to a connected absorption cell, which is positioned on the path of light from the atomic absorption spectrometer and the readings relayed to the analyzers. The sample is then digested in potassium permanganate-po tassium persulfate and oxidized for two hours at 95 degrees. The resultant Mercury levels are then measured using automated Mercury analyzers (Hirata p. 4). Oxidation- this is rather a more advanced method of analyzing methyl Mercury and involves extraction of methyl Mercury by pre-treatment in dithizone-toulene solution. The resultant solution is injected into a Gas-liquid Chromatograph with electron capture detector (GLC-ECD) with chlorine gas. The results from the reaction are then used to determine the level of Mercury in the test sample since Mercury is sparingly soluble in water. Owing to its high precision this is one of the best methods used in the test of methyl Mercury and moreover inorganic Mercury. This method is generally applied when analyzing Mercury in food samples such as fish and also Mercury analysis in human blood (Suzuki p. 97). However, due to the high costs associated with this method, chemists and environmental analysts rarely use it as sometimes there might be a need to conduct multiple analyses on the same sample or repeating the procedure more than twice to refine the final results. Most of the above methods require specialized equipment and the analysis is usually conducted in laboratories hence making the above methods inflexible. With the advancement in technology however, more reliable and advanced techniques are continually being developed. Anthony’s Mercury Analyzer is a unique technique that builds

International Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Sports - Essay Example The review of the literature published in the particular field leads to the following assumption: the educational objectives that Pierre De Coubertin used for reviving the Olympics have been alternated today. This fact does not mean that Olympic values have been extinguished; however, because of the continuous transformation of social and cultural ethics worldwide, Olympic values had, necessarily, to be aligned with existing social ethics and principles. The continuous change of legislation regulating the particular event is the major indicator of this trend. Under these terms, it could be noted that the educational objectives used by Pierre De Coubertin for reviving the Olympics are still critical for evaluating the quality of the Games but the level at which these objectives can affect the structure and the ethics of the Games is not so high as in the past. In order to understand the potential power of Pierre De Coubertin’s educational objectives for reviving the Olympics, it would be necessary to check the criteria on which these objectives have been based. In accordance with Naul (2008) the involvement of Pierre De Coubertin in the revival of Olympics is closely related to his efforts for improving the ‘inflexible French military gymnastics’ (Naul, 2008, p.20). After reviewing the sports activities developed in schools across England, Pierre De Coubertin decided that a new form of gymnastics could be established using the ideas of the Olympic Games – in their ancient form – combined with the values of contemporary sports. This combination has led to the revival of Olympics, in their current form. Today, the above effort of Pierre De Coubertin can be characterized as fully justified. Indeed, any effort for establishing a worldwide sports framework, should refer to the Olympic values and ideas, in the terms that the particular event

Evaluate the effect of mergers in businessin the last ten years Essay

Evaluate the effect of mergers in businessin the last ten years - Essay Example The strength of this trend is shown by the fact that the total dollar value of the mergers in 1997 was about 50 percent higher than those in 1996, itself a record year. Companies are combining to create new entities on a scale larger than anything before, reflecting a growing belief among Government regulators, and many business executives, that big business is not necessarily bad†( LESLIE WAYNE WAVE OF MERGERS IS RECASTING FACE OF BUSINESS IN U.S. Top of Form Most of the mergers in the United States have involved domestic corporations. But there have also been an increasing number of deals between American and overseas companies. And a similar wave of mergers is taking place abroad, with European and Asian companies seeking dominant roles in the global economy â€Å"The EC Merger Regulation and the U.S. Clayton Act, as interpreted and applied, clearly recognize that mergers that place a firm in a position where it can raise price without a sufficient threat from an existing challenger, assuming there are significant barriers to entry, can be anti-competitive. Indeed, the U.S. has been slightly more inclined in recent years to challenge mergers because they "tend to create a monopoly" and therefore produce anti-consumer and anti-competitive unilateral effects than was the case previously†. (Robert Pitofsky(1)Chairman, Federal Trade Commission http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/pitofsky/pitintermergers.shtm) . Mergers and acquisitions are fundamentally dynamic events that may involve significant changes in the business focus of the consolidating institutions. Indeed, when some companies in an industry merge, others come under pressure to do the same to remain competitive. When two companies merged together, their monopoly, their market shar e and the competitive capacity will increase. This will be a headache for the other companies in the same line. They will also think in terms of merging

Macro & Micro Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macro & Micro Economics - Essay Example This causes the rate of interest to fall or rise respectively. On the other hand the fiscal policies alter the aggregate demand in the economy through the increase or decrease of government purchase components and the after tax share of the GDY which is held by the private sector. The following diagrams would portray a graphical analysis of some of the policy measures that are undertaken and their impacts in the economy (Ashby, 2011, â€Å"Expansionary policies†). In the above diagram the general equilibrium exists at the point if intersection of GDP, ASF and APE. Monetary policies would shift the ASF line to the right. However, it is seen from the diagram that this point cannot be reached as it is impossible for the economy to reach that point. This would consequently require a negative rate of interest but the interest rate cannot fall below zero. This shows that monetary policies independently cannot allow the economy to attain the former GDP. This requires the need for fis cal policies in the economy (Ashby, 2011, â€Å"Inconsistency Problem†). Fiscal policies in the form of government purchases and tax cuts would be able to move the APE line to the right far enough so that the IS curve would be able to intersect the GDP line at a point of low interest level which would be attainable. Thus the monetary policy would shift the ASF line towards the right and this would pass through the point which is now attainable. To summarize it, monetary policy can be effective only with the assistance of fiscal policies in order to help the economy recover from the effects of recession. The picture also reflects the potential problems related with monetary policies. The faint response of APE after changes in the rates of interest coupled with the low level of interest makes it unable to fall enough to provide enough impetus to the APE to revert back to the original level (Ashby, 2011, â€Å"Some Fiscal Policy is needed†). A major problem associated wit h monetary policies can be explained in terms of the liquidity traps. This is a situation in which the economy enters into a severe depression which dramatic fall in prices, reduction in profits, businesses making losses which causes them to draw back from making investments in new projects. However, the problem is likely to arise only at extreme situations. Another concern associated with the economy is the crowding out effect which arises out of expansionary fiscal policies which increases aggregate demand, APE significantly without a corresponding rise in aggregate demand or APE. The main concern about the phenomenon is that the resulting loss of funds causes a rise in interest levels and this consequently crowds out the rise in APE. According to the views of Ricardo (1772 - 1823), fiscal policies also result in budget deficit in the government that is financed by treasury borrowing. Ricardo has put forth the fact that the tax payers would be able to recognize the fact the govern ment will be required to redeem the bonds at the time of maturity and would then levy taxes to compensate for the principle amount of the outstanding debt and also any amount of accrued interest. A number of restrictive policies can be undertaken in order to curb inflation arising out of expansionary fiscal policies. Short term measures would include the intervention of government and implementing direct control over wages, prices, rather than the implementation of restrictive fiscal and monetary policies.

The Heineken Marketing Dispute Over Product Cost Essay - 2

The Heineken Marketing Dispute Over Product Cost - Essay Example Heineken refused to supply Forty Foot, a newly owned pub of Wetherspoon’s. Heineken could lose a lot of profits if it ends its relationship with the pub chains of Ireland. Wetherspoon’s chain is well known for selling food and drinks at cheap prices in the UK. It’s an entry into the Irish market would mean that competition would increase and prices would be driven down; Heineken is not happy with this, so it has demanded its distributors in Ireland including Wetherspoon’s and Dublin to sell its products at high prices (Pogatchnik 2014). Wetherspoon’s has a plan of opening 30 pubs in Ireland by buying failed businesses in the country as an entry strategy. This article is relevant to the concept of marketing channels. The types of marketing channels are direct selling, selling through intermediaries, dual distribution, and reverse channels. The method used by Heineken in this article is the dual distribution mechanism whereby the company uses more than one channel simultaneously in the same market. For example, Heineken sells to Whetherspoon’s and Duplin at the same time to reach the market of Ireland. The concept of marketing channels suggests that the dual distribution channel may cause conflict among channels (Venugopal 2001, p.67). This is what happened with Heineken as some of its distributors rejected its products. The company also utilizes intermediaries and agents to sell its products which involve Manufacturer-Agent-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer. This marketing channel is used to reach the market indirectly to target markets (Venugopal 2001, p.130). For example, Heineken sells to the market through pubs such as Duplin and Whetherspoon’s which in turn sell to retailers or sell directly to consumers.

Eating Challenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eating Challenge - Essay Example And also with bread, I have also unconsciously picked up bread placed on the table. I also found out that in these instances, people are likely to feel the urge to just give in – cheat on the challenge, in other words. I also learned that for individuals who are not accustomed to eating fruits and vegetables are likely to find the challenge difficult. However, for people who are adept at preparing and cooking vegetables or preparing salads, the challenge can be easier to manage. My first forays into cooking these meals were made with the help of the internet and I was surprised that many delicious meals could also be prepared using fruits and vegetables. It took a while for me to master these preparations and I went through many ruined meals before I finally picked up some useful techniques in cooking these meals. All in all however, I was enlightened by the experience. I found out that I actually had the discipline to engage in a vegetable and fruit diet, and to resist pork and minimize my bread intake. I also enjoyed the experience especially whenever I would weigh myself and see that I really was losing weight and that my ‘sacrifice’ was actually paying off. Losing weight can build confidence in one’s looks and eventually an overall confidence in oneself. It felt good to lose the extra weight and I was proud that my efforts paid off. Finally, I have learned from the experience that with sacrifice and discipline, many things are